除了接首詞與接尾詞外,英文還可以將兩個或以上的字結合成為一個新的單字,這種造字原則造出來的字,就叫做複合字。這一類的字非常多,例如:pencil box, schoolbag, hard-working, overcome等等。複合字有三種型態,有些必須要分開寫,有些要合起來寫成一個字,還有些在字間要有ㄧ槓來連結在一起,而其詞類可以是名詞、動詞或形容詞。在這裡,我們先介紹如何造複合形容詞。
如何造複合形容詞
英文可以說是詞類變化的語言,所以,英文造字常跟改變詞類有關。學會如何造複合形容詞,在口說或寫作的時候,就可以自己造字,用最精簡的方式來表達想法了(寫作的一個很重要的原則是 – 能用一個字表達清楚,就不用兩個字)。
複合形容詞通常在字與字間要有橫槓相連,例如:hard-working。而他的造字法則有以下幾種:
- 數字+名詞
- 形容詞+名詞
- 形容詞+Ving
- 形容詞+Vpp
- 名詞+形容詞
- 名詞+Ving
- 名詞+Vpp
- 副詞+Ving
- 副詞+Vpp
- 將一個沒有動詞的片語的幾個字直接用橫槓連結
請注意,這種複合形容詞是前位形容詞,要放在名詞前面,不要放在補語的位置或名詞的後面。[不過,在劍橋英語詞典中,我看到很多將這種複合形容詞放在後位(補語的位置)的例句,或許是在語言的演變中,這種用法為大眾所使用並接受。]
數字+名詞 / 形容詞+名詞
當複合形容詞的最後一個字是名詞時,要注意:
- 如果這個名詞是身心靈的相關單字,則要在後面加上ed
one-eyed, absent-minded, high-spirited - 如果名詞是size,shape,後面也要加上ed
large-sized, oval-shaped - 不是以上兩種情況,大多不用加ed
three-hour walk - 不管數字是多少,構成複合形容詞時,名詞要改回單數
- I saw a three-legged bird in the woods. 三隻腳的
- The two-headed giant was gone. 雙頭的
- I can’t stand narrow-minded people.
- My office is in a fifteen-story building. 十五層樓的
- Let’s take a five-minute break.五分鐘的
- The sharp-eyed teacher spotted him cheating. 眼尖的
- He is often absent-minded in class. 心不在焉的,發呆的
- She is a strong-willed woman. 意志堅強的
- A short-haired girl is standing over there. 短頭髮的
- In the past, long-distance phone calls cost a lot of money. 長途電話
- His last-minute cancellation made the doctor angry. 最後一分鐘的
形容詞+Ving / 形容詞+Vpp
這一類的複合形容詞,通常由看起來、聞起來等感官動詞或其他不完全不及物動詞所構成的句子簡化成一個帶有複合形容詞的名詞片語。例如:The cheese smells strong. — the strong-smelling cheese
- Mary is a good-looking girl. 好看的
- I am sick of the bitter-tasting pill. 味道很苦的藥
- My friend, John, is quite easy-going. 隨和的
- We bought a ready-made cake for his birthday. 已做好的
- I enjoy old-fashioned food a lot. 老式的 (fashion有手工製作的意思)
- I knew the senseless-beaten boy. (The boy was beaten. and the boy was senseless.)
名詞+Ving
這種手法的複合形容詞字裡的名詞是Ving的受詞。例如:A lion ate a man.
-The lion is a man-eating beast.(man 是eating的受詞)
- The website attracted a record-breaking 145000 visitors. 破紀錄的
- Japan is not an English-speaking country. 說英文的
- The cake has a mouth-watering smell. 讓人流口水的(water當動詞有澆水的意思,所以嘴巴被澆水了,就是流口水)
- The product has a lot of time-saving features. 節省時間的
名詞+Vpp
這種手法的複合形容詞字裡的名詞跟Vpp的關係是 – 名詞導致了這個動作的發生,而這個複合形容詞其後所接的名詞則是動作的接受者。例如:sun-dried tomatoes 太陽導致東西乾燥,而番茄則是被乾燥者
- The water-cooled air conditioning system cost us a great amount of money. 用水冷卻的
- Reward-driven people win more. 由獎賞所驅動的
- The tailor-made dress cost me a lot of money.手工訂製的
- The self-educated young programmer has got a job offer.自學的
副詞+Ving / 副詞+Vpp
這種手法是將一個句子轉成一個複合形容詞:先寫句子的副詞,再寫句子的動詞,其後所接的名詞是做動作者,就用Ving,是被做動作者就用Vpp. 例如:
- The man works hard.
– He is a hard-working man. - The meat was beaten fast.
– The fast-beaten meat did taste better.
大部分ly結尾的副詞(形容詞加上ly),可以用,也可以不用橫槓,因為很明顯地,這個字是在修飾其後的Ving或Vpp。而頻率副詞中的always跟often要構成複合形容詞的話,要改成ever跟oft。
- It is a never-ending story. 永無休止的
- It is hard to survive in an ever-changing environment.
=It is hard to survive in an environment which is always changing.(不能用always造複合形容詞,用ever代替) - One of the most oft-repeated sayings is “Practice makes perfect.”
不用often,用oft去造複合形容詞 - The new law will have far-reaching benefits for all workers. 影響深遠的
- The badly-dressed man I saw last night is our new teacher. 穿著品味很糟的
- We had dinner in a well-known restaurant last night. 知名的
- He is a highly-respected teacher. 為人所尊崇的
在這裡,high本身是形容詞也是副詞,當加上ly,其意思有些不同,所以加上橫槓 - He found his long-forgotten picture album in the closet. 被遺忘的 (long在這裡是一個副詞)
- We were stuck in slow-moving traffic for over an hour. 緩緩移動的(slow在這裡是一個副詞)
將一個片語的幾個字直接用橫槓連結
有些時候,我們需要一個放在名詞前面的形容詞,這時,只要將一個沒有動詞的片語的每個字間加上橫槓,就可以新造出一個複合形容詞了。不過,要注意,在這個片語中,如果有複數名詞,都要改回單數,因為,我們說話的目的不是在數這個名詞。例如:
He is seven years old.
-He is a seven-year-old boy.
- We searched the Net for the most up-to-date information. 最新的
- My father bought me a state-of-the-art computer. 最新的,先進的
想要多瞭解英文造字原則、單字分辨或背單字的方法,讀者可以進入我們『單字與片語』頁面,做進一步的了解。